What is going on in the 19th Century?
The 19th century is a time period during which numerous events took a political, economical, religious, social, intellectual and artistic toll on Europe. These events can be based around different types of “-isms”. These “-isms” are imperialism, colonialism, conservatism, liberalism, nationalism, romanticism, and communism. Some events that are important to 19th century history are the Dreyfus Affair, Crimean War, Greek Independence War, Irish Potato Famine and many others.
Politically, nations of Europe detoured from their previous policies and philosophies. Nations such as Greece wanted independence from the Ottoman Empire. Their independence was motivated by the feeling of nationalism among the Greek people. Although the Turks wanted Greece to be a more conservative nation, the Greeks’ nationalism created a more democratic and liberal movement. Even though conservatism was trying to crush the liberalism for the Greeks, it was also trying to bring the change associated with the Industrial Revolution to an end. With the demands for more goods, new inventions were created, forming a greater number of employment opportunities. The creation of new jobs motivated people to move from rural farmland areas to the cities to find work. Moreover, nationalism was reflected in the art produced in the romantic era. The balance of powers was shifted in the Congress of Vienna, and the Unification of Germany and Italy. The Congress of Vienna was created to re- construct national borders that were created by Napoleon. Conservative order described the Congress of Vienna because stability and peace were exchanged for liberalities and civil rights. 19th century feminism promoted a more individualistic mindset among women. Women gained the right to vote and their views and opinions were considered more seriously by male politicians. On the other hand, European imperialism turned into colonialism. One example of this was the British imperialism in China. Britain helped to divide China into spheres of influence. All the different spheres led to colonialism.
The political effects of 19th century Europe were also influenced by the economic effects. Mercantilism, loss of land, and money played a role in the economics of Europe. In the Greek Revolution, Britain, France, and Russia helped the Greeks fight against Turks because the Greeks were considered to be the cradle of western civilization. Also, by helping the Greeks, they could secure their trade route across the Mediterranean Sea to Turkey. The Dreyfus Affair brought to the inflow of money to a standstill. The Jews during the Dreyfus Affair were able to boycott goods bought from France. Due to the use of boycotting, businesses were forced to close resulting in lost jobs. Another result of boycotting was that the Jews began to starve because they continued to boycott store who favored the Dreyfus Affair. In addition, the French Revolution caused unemployment. Poor harvests compelled people to spend money on food instead of manufactured products, which caused loss of work. The Dreyfus Affair and the French Revolution of 1848 reduced the amount of available jobs, but the Irish Potato Famine replaced these jobs. Potatoes were a main source of food for the people of Ireland and when the potatoes were infected with disease, people began to die which increased employment. In fear of disease and death people left Ireland and moved across Europe. The Industrial Revolution produced jobs in poor working conditions to keep up with the supply and demand of products in Europe. Thus, prices decreased and gave people more money to spend. Karl Marx helped to bring about communism (Marxism) which fought for equality and put Europe into classless societies. In addition, communists tried to improve working conditions in factories. The Congress of Vienna redistributed the lands of many countries. This affected multiple country economies because if the country gained territories with new resources, that country benefited. Inversely, losing territories resulted in an upset the economy.
Europe was also going through a religious change as well as political and economical change. Dreyfus, in the Dreyfus Affair, was imprisoned because of his religion (Jewish). With this, the people either aligned with church and supported Dreyfus or agreed with the state (who was against Dreyfus). This shows how the government judged and persecuted people for their beliefs. The Congress of Vienna divided 300 German states into 39 states and religious disorder ensued. People chose between two religions; Lutheran and Roman Catholic. On the other hand, during the Industrial Revolution, religion was not as significant to people anymore. Job availability, new inventions, and higher standard livings became the importance to people. Religion mostly played a big position in the Dreyfus Affair.
There were little social effects in Europe. Feminism helped to gain more women’s rights including their equality to men. Women and men worked alongside each other in factories of the Industrial Revolution. In turn this fueled the fight for women’s rights. Women gained civil rights of child care, education, and improved working conditions. The Dreyfus Affair created controversy between Jews and non- Jews. People who were once friends of different religions had to split due to the affair. In addition, Social Darwinism socially changed Europe. Charles Darwin theories of evolution generated ideas of competition between people and nations. Socially, women gained the most in the 19th century.
Intellectually, people of Europe changed their views and ideas during the 19th century. Karl Marx’s communism changed the society with the spread of revolutionary ideas. People during the feminism movement learned that women were actually smart and had useful thoughts. Sigmund Freud also enhanced the intellectual change in Europe. Freud was a neurologist and psychiatrist who researched cerebral palsy and believed that cocaine was a metal cure. The Industrial Revolution was largely an intellectual movement. With the advancement of tools, it allowed materials to be produced at a faster rate for the need of supply and demand. The inventions of the Industrial Revolution helped to develop the though of future technology.
Artistically, romanticism was an important aspect of Europe. Romanticism stressed emotion and showed an appreciation for nature. Artists painted and drew scenes to portray revolutionary ideas. The art illustrated the horrible working conditions and destruction of nature of the Industrial Revolution. Artists also revealed popular opinions and views.
Overall, ideas of change flourished in Europe. Imperialism gave way to colonialism and nationalism motivated liberalism even though conservatism attempted to diminish liberalism. Nations started to lose money and land. People had to choose what religion to belong to and women began to gain political and social rights, striving for gender equality. People’s thoughts revolutionized and art became the portrayal for opinion. 19th century European history was vital in shaping the world in the formation of what it is today.
Global Warming IS Affecting Earth
Global warming is a result of human activities. These activities are puncturing holes in the ozone layer which is allowing more ultraviolet rays from the sun to enter through the layer. As a result, the world's temperature is rising causing the polar ice caps to melt.
Human activities cause pollutants which have negatively impacted the atmosphere. Pollutants significantly contribute to global warming. Pollutants such as soot, ash and gases from burning fossil fuels have been added to the air. The destruction of trees and forests is another human activity that is affecting global warming. The trees basically purify the air by taking in the carbon dioxide and releasing oxygen. As forests are being depleted, the amount of carbon dioxide is increasing everyday. In addition, carbon dioxide is consider to be a greenhouse gas as well as methane and water vapor and greenhouse gases "trap" heat close to the surface which is increasing Earth's temperature.
Since the Industrial Revolution which occurred in late 18th century to early 19th century, human activities associated with industrialization affected the Earth drastically. Man was and still is finding faster ways to produce items and consumer needs. In order to produce the goods a source of energy is necessary and fossil fuels are the most economical to use. When you burn coal, natural gas and oil they emit a by- product called carbon dioxide into the air. The atmospheric carbon dioxide levels has increased severely. In 1991, the total global emissions of carbon dioxide was 26,073,000,000 metric tons and this number is enlarging each day. With the increase of carbon dioxide levels the amount of ultraviolet rays absorbed by the Earth is increasing which is affecting the temperature of the Earth. Over the past hundred years the surface temperature has increased from 0.5 to an alarming 1.1°F and over the next 200 to 300 years scientists are estimating the temperature to rise two or three more degrees.
The Kyoto Protocol is an international treaty which was designed to reduce and limit greenhouse gas emissions. There are about 160 countries involved in the Kyoto Protocol. The major countries are Australia, Austria, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, and Greece. In addition to Hungary, Iceland, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, New Zealand, Spain, Switzerland, Ukraine, and the United States of America.
Three Possible Effects of Global Warming
Three Ways To Reduce Your Energy Consumption
New and emerging technology that could change the energy patterns of people would be solar panels and a hybrid car could reduce emissions of greenhouse gases.
http://www.globalwarming.net/
http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/
http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/globalwarming.html
http://www.greenhouse.gov.au/international/kyoto/
http://www.enviroliteracy.org/article.php/278.html
Symbol= Pb
Atomic Number= 82
Mass Number= 207.2 amu
History
Lead was one of the first metals to be discovered by man. Although, the exact date of discovery is still unknown. Historians believe the first dicoveries were in 3500 B.C. in Egypt. The oldest piece of lead dates back from 3800 A.D. and is found in the British Museum.
Process
Lead is not man made but the process of making the mineral pure is produced by man. First, lead ore is extracted from lead mines and then crushed. The ore is then treated using extractive metalurgy which is teh process of sepreating metals from the ore. The concentrate can range from 50% to 60% lead. Once the lead concenrate is dried then it is treated using pyrometallurgy. Pyrometallurgy is the technique of refining ores with heat to accerate chemical reactions. Then the lead is sinstered and then smelted to produce a high lead concentrated. Once the lead is cooled the lighter impurities rise to the surface and are removed. After, it is refined and smelted again to take out any more impurities. Finally, 99.9% lead is produced.
Uses
Lead is used as a coloring element in ceramic glazes, mostly colors red and yellow.
Used as a shielding from radiation.
Lead sheets are used as roofing materials.
Lead is the traditional base metal of organ pipes, mixed the varying amounts of tin to contol the tone of the pipe.
Lead is added to brass to reduse machine tool wear.
Lead is used in scuba diving weight belts to counteract the natural buoyancy of the neoprene wetsuits.
Relevant Facts
- Lead is found in mines approximately 1-2 miles under the Earth's suface.
- Lead is a posionous metal that can damage nervous connections which could result blood and brain disorders.
- If you are exposed to lead for a long time it can cause nephropathy. Nephropathy is any disease of the kidney.
- Lead- white paint has been withdrawn from sale in industralised countries because lead exposure has been linked to schizophrenia and retardation amongst children.
- Lead could enter soil and through (leaded) gasoline leaks from underground storage tanks causing issues everywhere.
http://webelements.com
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead
Nuclear Proliferation
Once again North Korea has been experimenting with nuclear expansion but this time the nuclear device was used in a different way. Were all of North Korea’s nuclear weapons used as scare tactics or were they supposed to get the United States attention? It seems as though they have succeeded in accomplishing both of those goals. In recent times, North Korea has been experimenting with nuclear weapons. In 1993, North Korea had dropped out of the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty and the following year they agreed to dismantle its weapons program to act in accordance with the treaty but in exchange they wanted help with building two nuclear- power plants. If North Korea wants nuclear- power plants wouldn’t that be arguing against the treaty? Technically yes, that is why in January of 2003 yet again North Korea had backed out of the treaty. These supposed scare tactics must be working seeing as President Bush and the Security Council are planning on blocking imports of nuclear and weapons technology. I’m sure blocking the imports will not stop North Korea; they will most likely find away around it. North Korea presumably does not want their title and power of being a nuclear country go to waste. Will the fact that North Korea is a nuclear power encourage other countries to join in? Will Iran be the next country to claim the nuclear power title? There is no doubt in my mind, I’m sure Iran will be the next to start developing nuclear activity. Then, Bush will call for stricter sanctions and the U.S. will most definitely be closer to declaring a nuclear war. Who knows, Bush and the Security Council are even thinking about declaring a nuclear war now. I do not believe the U.S. will go to war just yet, but if another country decides to become active in nuclear war technology, the U.S. will be forced to react.
Welcome to my AP Euro, Chemistry and Math blog!!!What do you think of it? Could I improve my blog in any way? :)
http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/15134838/"Pa. Amish community grieves, forgives"
Within this article an anonymous author writes how families of the five girls grieve their deaths. Since this is a recent publishment of the article, it is constantly being updated with new information. In Georgetown, Pa. the Amish travel to the funerals in horse- drawn buggies and dark suits and girls and women in long black dresses with black mourning bonnets. The Amish do not believe in the use of electricity. Frankly, they do not want anything to do with the modern world. I don't blame them for not wanting to deal with our world today. Our Modern world has evolved into such an industrial world that generations today do not even know the meaning of hardwork. The Amish believe in the art of a simple wooden coffin; narrow at the head and feet and wider in the middle. As the funeral services for the five girls begin, the Amish community forgives Charles Carl Roberts IV. He was a 32- year- old milk truck driver in the village of Nickel Mines who murdered 5 girls in a one - room schoolhouse on Monday, October 2nd. Seeing as, I am not Amish, I would have a very hard time forgiving Roberts. I'm sure it does not come easy to the Amish people but it shows how they are so forgiving when there is a traumatic events within their community. Although, the author shows no define point- of- view, their tone shows a feeling of sadness. Almost as if they too are feeling the pain and suffering of the Amish community. As the black buggies pass, people cried and mourned. Seeing a coffin go by in a buggie with a child's body is extremely sad. The Amish community is still grieving to this day.
Current Event—Vicki Rusin
Kathy Gill wrote an article on September 12, 2006 about President George Bush's speech regarding the attack on September 11, 2001. "Bush Speech: Little New Ground" is a political article with a sarcastic tone. Gill's nationality may bias her opinion because she lives in the United States and she has the right to freedom of speech. Therefore, she can write about Bush's speech and whatever else she would like. This article has generalized propaganda in its headline. "Little new ground" is essentially saying that Bush's speech did not give people any new information and as a result, nothing was gained. This public document describes the promises Bush made five years ago and how he did not keep those promises. Osama bin Laden was a huge threat to the United States; Five years later, Bush is saying that he is not as worried about the danger he poses to the United States anymore. Gill's article is a secondary source with numerous accounts of sarcasm. The tone of her writing seemed as if she was mocking Bush's speech. Kathy Gill's newsletter shows her discontented attitude toward President Bush's speech.
http://uspolitics.about.com/b/a/207866.htm
